useful

after在……之后
alter we had listened to the lecture，we held a discussion on it.我们听完课之后，进行了讨论。
i went to the post officer after i left you.我离开你后就去了邮局。

although虽然(= though)
although there was a severe drought，they got a bumper harvest.尽管大旱，他们仍获得丰收。
although the flat was comfortable, it was very expensive.这套房子虽然很舒服，可是太贵了。
[注] although不可和but连用，但可和yet，still连用。

and和，并且，可是，所以
my uncle lives and works in hong kong.我的叔父在香港居住和工作。
the polar bear and the walrus live in the arctic regions.北极熊和海象生长在北极地区。
he has worked here off and on.他断断续续地在这儿工作过。
i meant to buy some tea yesterday and i forgot.我昨天本要买点茶叶但却忘了。
he had made a failure of business and was not able to support her.他生意赔了，养活不了她了。
no one ever told me he died，and i'm his daughter.没有一个人曾告诉我他死了，而我还是他的女儿哩。
a peking opera player cannot achieve eminence unless he or she can sing and sing excellently. 一位京剧演员除非能唱而且唱得极好，否则是成不了名的。
next week we shall send some new tractors and harvesters to the farm. and we shall also help them to set up some repair shops，下星期我们将送一些新的拖拉机和收割机到农场去。
我们还将帮助他们建立一些修配厂。(这里第二句的第一个词and用以连接两个句子。由于两句关系较松，故将and大写，另起一句。如这两句关系较紧，and即可小写，前面的句
号则应改为逗号。)
[注一] 注意下面例句中的and可用来连接两个动词(第一个动词多为to或come)，其作用与表示目的的动词不定式符号to相当。这样的and通常用在口语中。如：
i’ll go and fetch some water.我去打水。
come and see our village. it's quite different now.来看看我们村子吧。现在完全变样了。
[注二] and有时用在下面的特殊结构里，and前面的部分(常是祈使句结构)表示假设或条件。如：
try again and you will succeed.再试一次，你就会成功了。
give me one more minute and i’ll have finished.再给我一分钟，我就能够完成。

and yet然而，可是
(较yet口语化)
the man hunted for jobs in new york for months，and yet he could not find any work.这个人在纽约找工作已有几个月之久，可是他仍然找不到工作。

As
1)如…一样(表示比较)
it is just as you told me.情况正如你告诉我的那样。
Do not make the same mistake as I did.不要犯和我同样的错误。
2)当，随着(表示时间)
As I was coming here，I met Mr. Wilson.我来这儿的时候，碰见了威尔逊先生。
As it became more common for women to work outside the House，men began to share the housework.随着妇女的就业普遍，男人们分担起家务劳动。
We took notes as we listened to the lecture.我们边听课边记笔记。
3)由于(表示原因)(参看18.28的[注])
As he was not feeling well，we all told him to stay at home.由于他感到不舒服，我们都要他待在家里。
As he was not ready in time，we went without him.由于他没有及时准备好，我们只好不带他去了。
4)按照，正如(表示方式)
Do as the teacher says.按老师说的去做。
He does not speak as others do.他跟别人说的不一样。
5)虽然，尽管(= though.注意as必须在主语之前，表语或谓语动词之后)
Rich as he is，he is not happy.他虽然很富裕，但并不幸福。
Small as they are，atoms are made of still smaller units.原子尽管小，它由更小的单位构成。
Try as you will，you won’t manage it. 你尽管试，也不管用。

as...as和…一样
(第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词)
Lao LI panted rice seedlings as fast as anyone else.老李插秧和其他人一样快。
This reservoir is as big as that one.这个水库和那个水库一样大。

As far as就
As far as I know，we shall have a seminar on Tuesday.就我所知，我们星期二有课堂讨论。
As far as I am concerned，I know nothing about it.就我而论，我对这件事一无所知。

As if宛如
(或as though)
It looks as if it is going to rain.看起来好像要下雨。
She treated the wounded soldier as if he was her own Child.她把这伤员当作她的孩子一样看待。
He spoke as if he had been here before.他说话的口气好像他以前到这里来过。
He looked as though he were sick.他的样子像病了似的。

as long as (so long as)
1)只要(表示条件)
You can go out so long as you promise to be back before 5 o’clock.只要你答应五点钟前回来，你就可以出去。
2)有…之久(表示时间)
You may keep the book as long as you like.这本书你愿意借多久就借多久。

as soon as一…就…
Come as soon as you can.你尽快地来吧!
Will you tell him as soon as he gets back?他一回来你就告诉他好吗?

as well as不仅，和，以及
He is learning French as well as English.他不仅学英语，也学法语。
He was kind as well as sensible.他通情达理，为人也和善。
John，as well as his friends，was injured in the accident.约翰和他的朋友一起在那次事故中受了伤。

because因为
I eat potatoes because I like them.我常吃土豆，因为我爱吃土豆。
I had to walk to work because something was wrong with my bike.我的自行车坏了，所以我不得不走着去上班。

Before在…之前
Think well before you decide.好好想想再做决定。
It grew dark before we arrived at the town.我们到达城镇之前天已经黑了。
I’ll do it before I forget.我现在就做，要不就忘了。

besides此外
It is late；besides I am too tired to go out.时间不早了，再说我也很累，不想出去。

both...and ……和，不但……而且……
He is both a general and a poet.他是位将军，也是位诗人。
.I am both shocked and disappointed by your news.对于你带来的消息，我又感到震惊，又感到失望。

but但是，可是，而
I'd love to come but I can't.我倒是想来，但却来不了。
This tool is not made of iron but of steel.这个工具不是铁制的，而是钢制的。(but与not连用时，可译作“而”)
The sentence may be correct grammatically，but it is not good English.这句话语法尽管正确，但不是好英语。(but常和may连用)
I'm sorry to trouble you，but can you show me the way to the Capital Gymnasium?对不起，打扰你了，你可以告诉我到首都体育馆怎么走吗?(but常和sorry连用)

But then但是 另一方面
(常意味着“但应考虑到”或“但不应忘记”)
She is very hard-working indeed，but then she always has been，hasn’t she?她的确很努力，不过话又说回来了，她一向都这样，不是吗?
I'm sorry I hadn’t a coat on，but then I had no idea who was knocking.对不起，我刚才没有穿上衣，但我哪知道是谁在敲门呢。

By the time 到…时候
By the time we got there，the show had begun.我们到那里的时候，表演已经开始了。
By the time he was taken to the hospital，he was nearly dead.他被送到医院时，已快死了。

Either or 或…或…，非此…即彼
Either you come to the office now，or wait for me at home.你要么现在到办公室来，要么就在家里等我。
Everything around us is either solid，liquid or gas.我们周围的东西不是固体、液体，就是气体。

Even if (=even though) 即使，纵然
Even if we took a taxi，we would not get there in time.即使我们乘出租汽车，也不能及时赶到那里。
It won’t matter even if he doesn’t come；he has handed in his opinion in writing.即使他不来也没有关系，他已经用书面提出了意见。

even though即使，纵然(= even if)
I shan’t mind even though he doesn’t come.他就是不来，我也不介意。

Every time每当
Every time we had difficulties，the old professor would come to help.我们一碰到困难，这位老教授就来帮助我们。
Every time I come，he is reading.我每一次来，他都在读书。

for因为
She felt no fear，for she was a brave girl.她不感到害怕，因为她是一个勇敢的姑娘。
It took us some time to get there，for it was a long way to go.因为路很远，我们好久才到那里。

hence所以
My mother is by herself；hence I must go home now.我母亲孤单一个人，所以我现在必须回家。
The present perfect tense is always connected with present time，hence it is net used with“yesterday”，“last year”，etc.现在完成时总是和现在有关，所以它不能和“昨天”、“去年”等一起用。

However 然而，可是
He said he was certain. However he was wrong.他说他肯定无疑，然而他错了。
We decided not to wait for him. He came back，however，before we left.我们决定不等他了。可是在我们走以前，他却回来了。

If
1)假如，如果说，即使，每当
He will come if you ask him.你如果请他，他就会来。
If I went by bus，it would take about two hours.我如果乘公共汽车去，需要花将近两个小时。
If I am wrong，you are wrong，too.如果我错了，那你也错了。
I’ll do it if it kills me.即使要我的命，我也要做。
If I do not understand，I ask questions.每当我不懂时，我就提问。
2)是否 (= whether连接宾语从句)
I wonder if we'll have chemistry lab this afternoon.他带着一个备用车轮，以防车胎破裂。
Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.带上雨伞吧，以防下雨。

In case以防，以免，因恐
He carries a spare wheel in case he has a puncture.他带着一个备用车轮，以防车胎破裂。
Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.带上雨伞吧，以防下雨。

in order that为了，以便
We all got up early in order that we might start at seven.为了在七点钟出发，我们很早就都起来了。
We completed the dam in July in order that the land might not be flooded.我们在七月以前修好堤坝，以免田地被淹掉。

In the mean-time当…之时，同时
He will be back in ten minutes. In the meantime let's wait out-side.他过十分钟就回来。在此之际(在他回来之前)我们在外面等等他吧。
I was studying in the library；in the meantime it began to rain我正在图书馆学习，就在此时下起雨来了。

lest因恐，以免
Take care lest you should catch influenza.小心不要得流行性感冒。
Here is your money，lest you think I had for gotten it给你钱，免得你会认为我忘记了。

Neither... nor 既不 …… 亦不…都不
Neither you nor I could do it.不管是你还是我都做不了这事。
A gas has neither fixed size nor shape.气体没有一定的体积，也没有形态。
[注]在下面的句子中，连词neither的意思是“也不”。如：
I don't like it－Neither do I. 我不喜欢它。——我也不喜欢。(neither开首必须倒装)

nevertheless然而，但是
There was no mews，nevertheless she wont on hoping.虽然没有任何消息，但她仍抱着希望。
I can’t follow your advice；nevertheless，I thank you for giving it.我虽然不能按你的意见去做，但仍然感谢你的忠告。

no matter不论
(后接疑问词)
That is wrong，no matter who says it.不管谁说的，这都是错误的。
No matter when you come，you’ll be more than welcome.不管你什么时候来，你都会受到格外欢迎的。
No matter where you go，you will find Coca- cola.你不论走到哪里，都会见到可口可乐。

Nor也不
Without their help，you can't do it Nor can we.如果没有他们的帮助，你们做不了这件事。我们也做不了。
He is not from the south. Nor am I .他不是南方人，我也不是。
[注]以nor开头的句子必须倒装。

no sooner... th8n一……就……
(句子要倒装)
No sooner had I gone outside than the phone rang.我刚出去电话铃就响了。
No sooner did they get to the school than it began to rain。他们一到学校就开始下雨了。

not only... but also不但…而且
She not only sings like an angel，but also dances beautifully.她不但唱歌像天使那样动听，而且跳舞也很优美。
Yesterday it not only rained but snowed.昨天不但下了雨，而且下了雪。(also可省去)
Not only has he a first-class brain but he is also a very hard worker.他不但有杰出的头脑，而且非常勤奋。(句子要倒装)

now；now that现在，既然
Now (that) you are a big boy you must behave better.你现在是个大孩子了，你应该规矩些了。
Now you are here，you'd better stay.你既然来了，那就别走了。

on the contrary恰恰相反
The book is not easy. On the contrary，it's rather difficult.这本书不容易。恰好相反，它相当难。
－You've nothing to do now，I think我想，你现在没有什么要做的事了吧。
－On the contrary，I have a lot of work to do.相反，我有很多事要做哩。

On (the) one hand...on The other (hand) ……一方面……另一方面
On the one hand I wanted very much to visit my teacher in hospital on the other hand， I didn’t want to disturb his rest.一方面我想去医院看望老师，另一方面又怕影响他休息。
On the one hand this job doesn’t pay very much，but on the other I can’t get another one.一方面这项工作工资不很高，但另一方面我又找不到别的工作。(on the other之前可有but，其后可省去hand)

once一旦
Once a beginning is made，the work is half done.工作一搞起来，就可以说已完成了一半。
Once you know the rules of swimming，you will be able to swim well.你一旦掌握了游泳的规律，就会游得很好。

only只是，不过
“You can leave the hospital now，only don’t do heavy work，”
said the doctor.大夫说：“你可以出院了，不过不要干重活。”
I’d be too glad to help，only I'm going away on business.我倒是很愿意帮助你，只是我要出差.
[注一] 该处的too意为“过分”，此处的too意为“非常”。)

Or
1)或
After supper we often watch，TV or go for a walk .晚饭后我们通常不是看电视，就是散步。
Will you be going to Shanghai by train or by plane?你是坐火车还是乘飞机到上海去?
2)否则
Take a flash-light with you，or you’ll lose your way in the dark.带上手电吧，要不你在黑暗中会迷路的。

Or else否则
(用法与or相同，但口气较重)
Hurry up，or else you’ll miss the last bus.赶快，要不你就会赶不上最后一班车了。

otherwise否则
(较or和orelse的语气都强)
You must work hard；otherwise you will not learn English well.你一定得刻苦学，否则是学不好英语的。
Do what you have been told；otherwise you will be punished.你要按照告诉你的去做，否则你会受到惩罚的。

provided如果，以…为条件(= provided that)
I will come provided I have time.我如有时间一定来。
She may come with us provided that she arrives in time.她如及时赶到，就会和我们一起来的。

Scarcely ... when (before) 一…就…
(scarcely是副词，when是连词；=hardly...when)(句子要倒装)
Scarcely had he gone out when it began to rain.他一出去就开始下雨了。(= He had scarcely gone out when it began to rain).
Scarcely had he arrived when he had to leave again. 他一到就又得走了。

Since
1)由于，既然(参看18.28的[注])(表示原因)
Since he understood very little English，he could not for follow the conversation.他英语懂得不多，因而听不懂对话。
Since you ask me，I’ll tell you why.你既然问我，那就告诉你为什么吧。.
2)自从…以来(表示时间)
I haven’t seen her since we left school.我从离开学校后就没有见过她。
We've been in San Francisco since we were married.我们结婚后一直住在旧金山。

So 于是
(and so则较口语化)
We wanted to learn the English songs，SO we asked the teacher to teach us.我们想学英文歌，于是就请老师教我们。
He told me to do it and so I did it.他教我做我就做了。

So far as就(= as far as) so…that如此…以致
(表示结果和程度；肋是副词，that是连词)
Tom did so well that he was praised by the teacher . 汤姆干得很好，受到老师的称赞。(表结果)
The performance put on by the children was so good that the audience was deeply impressed.小孩的表演很精彩，给观众很深的印象。(表结果)
He was so angry that he could not speak.他气得都说不出话了。(表程度)

So that
1)以便(表示目的)
The English teacher spoke slowly so (that) everyone would understand.英语老师话讲得很慢，让每个人都能听懂。( that在口语中可省去)
He turned the stereo down very low So that he shouldn’t disturb the old lady downstairs.他把立体声收音机的音量调得很低，免得干扰楼下的老太太。
2)以致(表示结果)
In his fury he threw the dishes upon the ground so that they were broken.他大怒之下，把盘子扔到地上都摔破了。
He fell in the water，so that all his clothes got wet.他落入水中，衣服全湿了。(表结果的so that之前常有逗号)

still可是，还
(有时用but still)
I like dogs still don’t care to own one.我虽然喜欢狗，但不愿养狗。
He is naughty, but still you cannot help liking him.他很顽皮，但你仍禁不住喜欢他。

than比(用于形容词或副词的比较级)
The Pacific Ocean is larger than the Atlantic Ocean.太平洋比大西洋。
Light travels much faster than, sound.光的速度比声快得多。

That
1)引导宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句(that均无词义)(参见18.9—11)
We all know that failure is the mother of success.我们都知道失败是成功之母。(引导宾语从句)
That he is the most suitable person for the work is agreed.大家都同意他做这项工作最合适。(引导主语从句)
The plan is that we finish cutting the bananas in three days.我们计划三天收完香蕉。(引导表语从句)
2)引导状语从句表示“以便”(= in order that，so that)(参见18.29)
They set off half an hour earlier that they might get there in time.他们早半小时动身，以便能及时到达那里。

the moment 一 ……就
The moment the speaker appeared on the platform，we all stood up and clapped warmly.演讲人一出现在台上，我们即全体起立热烈鼓掌。
The moment the bell rang，all the school children rushed into their classrooms.铃声一响，小学生都跑进教室。

therefore所以
I wasn’t there，therefore I ddn’t see.我不在那儿，所以没有看见。
I’ve never been to Franoe，therefore I don’t know much about it.我从没有去过法国，因而对法国了解得不多。
[注] therefore比so的用法较为正式。

though虽然(= although，但下面句中皆须用though)
Strange though it may seem，he got up early.尽管似乎有点奇怪，但他却早起了。
Even though it's difficult，we'll do it.即使难，我们也要做。
You sound as though you've caught a cold.你听起来像是感冒了似的。
What though I fail this time? I will try again.纵然我这次失败了又怎么样?我会再试的。

till 直到(=until，多用在口语中)
he did not come back till very late.他很晚才回来。
wait till we meet.不见不散。

unless 除非，如果不
unless we are very careful，we can't do our work well.如果不非常小心，我们就不能把工作做好。
we run round the campus every morning，unless it rains.除非天下雨，我们天天早上绕着校园跑。

until直到
we must wait until he comes.我们必须等他来。
until you told me，i had no idea of it.在你告诉我之前，我对此事一无所知。(这里不可用till)
he did not stop to rest until he fished the work.他做完了工作才停下来休息。

when
1)当，当…之后
when it rains，he stays at home.当下雨时，他待在家里。
the dog ran up to him when he came home.他回到家后，狗就向他跑来。
2)就在那个时候(常用在句子中间)
i was entering the sound laboratory when i heard somebody call after me.我进语言试验室时，突然听到有人在后面叫我。
we were picking cotton when it began to rain.我们正在摘棉花，忽然天下雨了。
3)既然
i can't tell you anything when you won’t listen.既然你不听，我就什么也不能告诉你。
4)虽然
i let off steam when i shouldn't.我发了脾气，虽然我不该这样。
yet然而
it is strange， yet it is true.这件事很奇怪，但却是真的。
although he was unwell，yet he went to work as usual，他虽然身感不适，但却照常上班。(yet可与although或though连用)

Whatever
1)任何事情，什么都(= anything that)(连接名词性从句)
We must do whatever the people want us to do.人民要我们干什么，我们就干什么。
We will do whatever must be done to ensure its success.为了保证把它做成功，我们愿意做一切需要做的事。
2)不管，无论(=no matter what)(连接状语从句)
Whatever happens，we'll carry on the experiment.不管怎么样，我们要继续试验。
Every kind of work，whatever it may be，is part of the revolutionary work.不管什么工作，都是革命事业的一部分。

Whenever 不论何时
They can come whenever it is convenient for them.他们什么时候方便都可以来。
Day and night , wind or rain，they give treatment whenever and wherever needed.日日夜夜，风里雨里，什么时候需要他们，哪里有病人，他们就去治疗。

where在…的地方
Put it where you found it 把它放在原处。
Where there is a will，there is a way.有志者，事竞成。

whereas然而，另方面
(常表示“对比”关系，和while相似)
Whereas some people like rice，others like buns.有人喜欢吃米饭，有人喜欢吃馒头。
You told me it was so，whereas as a matter of fact it is not so.
你告诉我情况是那样，而事实上情况并非那样。

Wherever 论何处
Sit wherever you like。你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
Wherever there is plenty of sun and rain，the fields are green。阳光雨量充足的地方，田里总是绿油油的。

Whether是否，不管
I don't remember whether I read this article before.我记不清过去是否读过这篇文章。(这里的whether引导的是宾语从句，可用if来代替。)
Whether we discuss the question has yet to be decided.我们还没有决定是否讨论这个问题。(这里的whether引导的是主语从句，不可用厅代替)

While
1)当…时期
Please don’t talk so loud while people are reading.别人在看书的时候，请勿大声讲话。
2)而(表对照)
You clean the windows while I sweep the floor.你擦窗户，我扫地。(有“对照”的含义)
3)虽然
While I like the colour of it，I don’t like its shape.我虽然喜欢它的颜色，但我不喜欢它的外形。

whoever任何人；不论谁
Whoever makes mistakes must correct them.凡犯了错误的都必须改正。(whoever引导一主语从句)
Whoever he may be，he should talk like that.不管他是谁，都不应这样讲。(whoever引导一让步状语从句)

常用的感叹词
1)oh [Eu]表示惊奇、恐惧、痛苦、高兴等。
2) O同上。
3) ah[B:]表示惊奇、高兴、同意等。
4)well表示惊奇、满意、犹疑、松一口气、开始新话题等。
5) oh dear，dear，(my) goodness，(good) gracious妇女常用来表示惊异等感情。
6)O Lord，good lord，good heavens男人常用来表示惊异等感情。
7) hallo[hQ5lEu]常被用来招呼人，相当于汉语的“喂!或“你好!”
8) why表示惊奇等。
9) alas[E5lB:s]表示痛苦、焦急等。
10)aha[B:5hB:]表示得意、高兴等。
11)pshaw[pFC:][FE:]表示鄙视。
12)bravo [5bra:5vEu]用于欢呼，相当于“好!”
13)hurrah[hu5ra]用于欢呼。
14)hush[hQF]用于要求肃静，相当于汉语的“嘘”。
15)nonsense[5nCnsEns]相当于汉语的“胡说”。
16)come，come表示劝说、鼓励等。
17)now用来表示请求、惊异或换换口气。
18)fie[fai]表示轻蔑。
19)eh[ei]表示惊讶、怀疑、不客气等。

[B][I]

Good work!!!


----------------------------[/COLOR][/I][/B]

guys, ha ha, another wonderful topic>>>useful>>>